Cytochrome P450 is a family of the body's more powerful detox enzymes. Over 60 key forms are known, with hundreds of genetic variations possible, producing a wide variety of susceptibility to specific toxins. As the saying goes, "One man's meat is another man's poison".
The cytochrome P450 superfamily (officially abbreviated as CYP) is a large and diverse group of enzymes. The function of most CYP enzymes is to catalyze the oxidation of organic substances. The substrates of CYP enzymes include metabolic intermediates such as lipids and steroidal hormones, as well as xenobiotic substances such as drugs and other toxic chemicals. CYPs are the major enzymes involved in drug metabolism and bioactivation, accounting for about 75% of the total number of different metabolic reactions.
Cytochrome P450 (CYPs) belong to the superfamily of proteins containing a heme cofactor and, therefore, are hemoproteins. CYPs use a variety of small and large molecules as substrates in enzymatic reactions. Often, they form part of multi-component electron transfer chains, called P450-containing systems. Cytochromes P450 have been named on the basis of their cellular (cyto) location and spectrophotometric characteristics (chrome): when the reduced heme iron forms an adduct with CO, P450 enzymes absorb light at wavelengths near 450 nm, identifiable as a characteristic Soret peak.
CYP enzymes have been identified in all domains of life, i.e., in animals, plants, fungi, protists, bacteria, archaea, and even viruses. More than 11,500 distinct CYP proteins are known.
Human CYPs are primarily membrane-associated proteins[12] located either in the inner membrane of mitochondria or in the endoplasmic reticulum of cells. CYPs metabolize thousands of endogenous and exogenous chemicals. Some CYPs metabolize only one (or a very few) substrates, such as CYP19 (aromatase), while others may metabolize multiple substrates. Both of these characteristics account for their central importance in medicine. Cytochrome P450 enzymes are present in most tissues of the body, and play important roles in hormone synthesis and breakdown (including estrogen and testosterone synthesis and metabolism), cholesterol synthesis, and vitamin D metabolism. Cytochrome P450 enzymes also function to metabolize potentially toxic compounds, including drugs and products of endogenous metabolism such as bilirubin, principally in the liver.
The Human Genome Project has identified 57 human genes coding for the various cytochrome P450 enzymes.
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